6 research outputs found

    Segmentation and Characterization of Small Retinal Vessels in Fundus Images Using the Tensor Voting Approach

    Get PDF
    RÉSUMÉ La rĂ©tine permet de visualiser facilement une partie du rĂ©seau vasculaire humain. Elle offre ainsi un aperçu direct sur le dĂ©veloppement et le rĂ©sultat de certaines maladies liĂ©es au rĂ©seau vasculaire dans son entier. Chaque complication visible sur la rĂ©tine peut avoir un impact sur la capacitĂ© visuelle du patient. Les plus petits vaisseaux sanguins sont parmi les premiĂšres structures anatomiques affectĂ©es par la progression d’une maladie, ĂȘtre capable de les analyser est donc crucial. Les changements dans l’état, l’aspect, la morphologie, la fonctionnalitĂ©, ou mĂȘme la croissance des petits vaisseaux indiquent la gravitĂ© des maladies. Le diabĂšte est une maladie mĂ©tabolique qui affecte des millions de personnes autour du monde. Cette maladie affecte le taux de glucose dans le sang et cause des changements pathologiques dans diffĂ©rents organes du corps humain. La rĂ©tinopathie diabĂ©tique dĂ©crit l’en- semble des conditions et consĂ©quences du diabĂšte au niveau de la rĂ©tine. Les petits vaisseaux jouent un rĂŽle dans le dĂ©clenchement, le dĂ©veloppement et les consĂ©quences de la rĂ©tinopa- thie. Dans les derniĂšres Ă©tapes de cette maladie, la croissance des nouveaux petits vaisseaux, appelĂ©e nĂ©ovascularisation, prĂ©sente un risque important de provoquer la cĂ©citĂ©. Il est donc crucial de dĂ©tecter tous les changements qui ont lieu dans les petits vaisseaux de la rĂ©tine dans le but de caractĂ©riser les vaisseaux sains et les vaisseaux anormaux. La caractĂ©risation en elle-mĂȘme peut faciliter la dĂ©tection locale d’une rĂ©tinopathie spĂ©cifique. La segmentation automatique des structures anatomiques comme le rĂ©seau vasculaire est une Ă©tape cruciale. Ces informations peuvent ĂȘtre fournies Ă  un mĂ©decin pour qu’elles soient considĂ©rĂ©es lors de son diagnostic. Dans les systĂšmes automatiques d’aide au diagnostic, le rĂŽle des petits vaisseaux est significatif. Ne pas rĂ©ussir Ă  les dĂ©tecter automatiquement peut conduire Ă  une sur-segmentation du taux de faux positifs des lĂ©sions rouges dans les Ă©tapes ultĂ©rieures. Les efforts de recherche se sont concentrĂ©s jusqu’à prĂ©sent sur la localisation prĂ©cise des vaisseaux de taille moyenne. Les modĂšles existants ont beaucoup plus de difficultĂ©s Ă  extraire les petits vaisseaux sanguins. Les modĂšles existants ne sont pas robustes Ă  la grande variance d’apparence des vaisseaux ainsi qu’à l’interfĂ©rence avec l’arriĂšre-plan. Les modĂšles de la littĂ©rature existante supposent une forme gĂ©nĂ©rale qui n’est pas suffisante pour s’adapter Ă  la largeur Ă©troite et la courbure qui caractĂ©risent les petits vaisseaux sanguins. De plus, le contraste avec l’arriĂšre-plan dans les rĂ©gions des petits vaisseaux est trĂšs faible. Les mĂ©thodes de segmentation ou de suivi produisent des rĂ©sultats fragmentĂ©s ou discontinus. Par ailleurs, la segmentation des petits vaisseaux est gĂ©nĂ©ralement faite aux dĂ©pends de l’amplification du bruit. Les modĂšles dĂ©formables sont inadĂ©quats pour segmenter les petits vaisseaux. Les forces utilisĂ©es ne sont pas assez flexibles pour compenser le faible contraste, la largeur, et vii la variance des vaisseaux. Enfin, les approches de type apprentissage machine nĂ©cessitent un entraĂźnement avec une base de donnĂ©es Ă©tiquetĂ©e. Il est trĂšs difficile d’obtenir ces bases de donnĂ©es dans le cas des petits vaisseaux. Cette thĂšse Ă©tend les travaux de recherche antĂ©rieurs en fournissant une nouvelle mĂ©- thode de segmentation des petits vaisseaux rĂ©tiniens. La dĂ©tection de ligne Ă  Ă©chelles multiples (MSLD) est une mĂ©thode rĂ©cente qui dĂ©montre une bonne performance de segmentation dans les images de la rĂ©tine, tandis que le vote tensoriel est une mĂ©thode proposĂ©e pour reconnecter les pixels. Une approche combinant un algorithme de dĂ©tection de ligne et de vote tensoriel est proposĂ©e. L’application des dĂ©tecteurs de lignes a prouvĂ© son efficacitĂ© Ă  segmenter les vais- seaux de tailles moyennes. De plus, les approches d’organisation perceptuelle comme le vote tensoriel ont dĂ©montrĂ© une meilleure robustesse en combinant les informations voisines d’une maniĂšre hiĂ©rarchique. La mĂ©thode de vote tensoriel est plus proche de la perception humain que d’autres modĂšles standards. Comme dĂ©montrĂ© dans ce manuscrit, c’est un outil pour segmenter les petits vaisseaux plus puissant que les mĂ©thodes existantes. Cette combinaison spĂ©cifique nous permet de surmonter les dĂ©fis de fragmentation Ă©prouvĂ©s par les mĂ©thodes de type modĂšle dĂ©formable au niveau des petits vaisseaux. Nous proposons Ă©galement d’utiliser un seuil adaptatif sur la rĂ©ponse de l’algorithme de dĂ©tection de ligne pour ĂȘtre plus robuste aux images non-uniformes. Nous illustrons Ă©galement comment une combinaison des deux mĂ©thodes individuelles, Ă  plusieurs Ă©chelles, est capable de reconnecter les vaisseaux sur des distances variables. Un algorithme de reconstruction des vaisseaux est Ă©galement proposĂ©. Cette derniĂšre Ă©tape est nĂ©cessaire car l’information gĂ©omĂ©trique complĂšte est requise pour pouvoir utiliser la segmentation dans un systĂšme d’aide au diagnostic. La segmentation a Ă©tĂ© validĂ©e sur une base de donnĂ©es d’images de fond d’oeil Ă  haute rĂ©solution. Cette base contient des images manifestant une rĂ©tinopathie diabĂ©tique. La seg- mentation emploie des mesures de dĂ©saccord standards et aussi des mesures basĂ©es sur la perception. En considĂ©rant juste les petits vaisseaux dans les images de la base de donnĂ©es, l’amĂ©lioration dans le taux de sensibilitĂ© que notre mĂ©thode apporte par rapport Ă  la mĂ©thode standard de dĂ©tection multi-niveaux de lignes est de 6.47%. En utilisant les mesures basĂ©es sur la perception, l’amĂ©lioration est de 7.8%. Dans une seconde partie du manuscrit, nous proposons Ă©galement une mĂ©thode pour caractĂ©riser les rĂ©tines saines ou anormales. Certaines images contiennent de la nĂ©ovascula- risation. La caractĂ©risation des vaisseaux en bonne santĂ© ou anormale constitue une Ă©tape essentielle pour le dĂ©veloppement d’un systĂšme d’aide au diagnostic. En plus des dĂ©fis que posent les petits vaisseaux sains, les nĂ©ovaisseaux dĂ©montrent eux un degrĂ© de complexitĂ© encore plus Ă©levĂ©. Ceux-ci forment en effet des rĂ©seaux de vaisseaux Ă  la morphologie com- plexe et inhabituelle, souvent minces et Ă  fortes courbures. Les travaux existants se limitent viii Ă  l’utilisation de caractĂ©ristiques de premier ordre extraites des petits vaisseaux segmentĂ©s. Notre contribution est d’utiliser le vote tensoriel pour isoler les jonctions vasculaires et d’uti- liser ces jonctions comme points d’intĂ©rĂȘts. Nous utilisons ensuite une statistique spatiale de second ordre calculĂ©e sur les jonctions pour caractĂ©riser les vaisseaux comme Ă©tant sains ou pathologiques. Notre mĂ©thode amĂ©liore la sensibilitĂ© de la caractĂ©risation de 9.09% par rapport Ă  une mĂ©thode de l’état de l’art. La mĂ©thode dĂ©veloppĂ©e s’est rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©e efficace pour la segmentation des vaisseaux rĂ©ti- niens. Des tenseurs d’ordre supĂ©rieur ainsi que la mise en Ɠuvre d’un vote par tenseur via un filtrage orientable pourraient ĂȘtre Ă©tudiĂ©s pour rĂ©duire davantage le temps d’exĂ©cution et rĂ©soudre les dĂ©fis encore prĂ©sents au niveau des jonctions vasculaires. De plus, la caractĂ©ri- sation pourrait ĂȘtre amĂ©liorĂ©e pour la dĂ©tection de la rĂ©tinopathie prolifĂ©rative en utilisant un apprentissage supervisĂ© incluant des cas de rĂ©tinopathie diabĂ©tique non prolifĂ©rative ou d’autres pathologies. Finalement, l’incorporation des mĂ©thodes proposĂ©es dans des systĂšmes d’aide au diagnostic pourrait favoriser le dĂ©pistage rĂ©gulier pour une dĂ©tection prĂ©coce des rĂ©tinopathies et d’autres pathologies oculaires dans le but de rĂ©duire la cessitĂ© au sein de la population.----------ABSTRACT As an easily accessible site for the direct observation of the circulation system, human retina can offer a unique insight into diseases development or outcome. Retinal vessels are repre- sentative of the general condition of the whole systematic circulation, and thus can act as a "window" to the status of the vascular network in the whole body. Each complication on the retina can have an adverse impact on the patient’s sight. In this direction, small vessels’ relevance is very high as they are among the first anatomical structures that get affected as diseases progress. Moreover, changes in the small vessels’ state, appearance, morphology, functionality, or even growth indicate the severity of the diseases. This thesis will focus on the retinal lesions due to diabetes, a serious metabolic disease affecting millions of people around the world. This disorder disturbs the natural blood glucose levels causing various pathophysiological changes in different systems across the human body. Diabetic retinopathy is the medical term that describes the condition when the fundus and the retinal vessels are affected by diabetes. As in other diseases, small vessels play a crucial role in the onset, the development, and the outcome of the retinopathy. More importantly, at the latest stage, new small vessels, or neovascularizations, growth constitutes a factor of significant risk for blindness. Therefore, there is a need to detect all the changes that occur in the small retinal vessels with the aim of characterizing the vessels to healthy or abnormal. The characterization, in turn, can facilitate the detection of a specific retinopathy locally, like the sight-threatening proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Segmentation techniques can automatically isolate important anatomical structures like the vessels, and provide this information to the physician to assist him in the final decision. In comprehensive systems for the automatization of DR detection, small vessels role is significant as missing them early in a CAD pipeline might lead to an increase in the false positive rate of red lesions in subsequent steps. So far, the efforts have been concentrated mostly on the accurate localization of the medium range vessels. In contrast, the existing models are weak in case of the small vessels. The required generalization to adapt an existing model does not allow the approaches to be flexible, yet robust to compensate for the increased variability in the appearance as well as the interference with the background. So far, the current template models (matched filtering, line detection, and morphological processing) assume a general shape for the vessels that is not enough to approximate the narrow, curved, characteristics of the small vessels. Additionally, due to the weak contrast in the small vessel regions, the current segmentation and the tracking methods produce fragmented or discontinued results. Alternatively, the small vessel segmentation can be accomplished at the expense of x background noise magnification, in the case of using thresholding or the image derivatives methods. Furthermore, the proposed deformable models are not able to propagate a contour to the full extent of the vasculature in order to enclose all the small vessels. The deformable model external forces are ineffective to compensate for the low contrast, the low width, the high variability in the small vessel appearance, as well as the discontinuities. Internal forces, also, are not able to impose a global shape constraint to the contour that could be able to approximate the variability in the appearance of the vasculature in different categories of vessels. Finally, machine learning approaches require the training of a classifier on a labelled set. Those sets are difficult to be obtained, especially in the case of the smallest vessels. In the case of the unsupervised methods, the user has to predefine the number of clusters and perform an effective initialization of the cluster centers in order to converge to the global minimum. This dissertation expanded the previous research work and provides a new segmentation method for the smallest retinal vessels. Multi-scale line detection (MSLD) is a recent method that demonstrates good segmentation performance in the retinal images, while tensor voting is a method first proposed for reconnecting pixels. For the first time, we combined the line detection with the tensor voting framework. The application of the line detectors has been proved an effective way to segment medium-sized vessels. Additionally, perceptual organization approaches like tensor voting, demonstrate increased robustness by combining information coming from the neighborhood in a hierarchical way. Tensor voting is closer than standard models to the way human perception functions. As we show, it is a more powerful tool to segment small vessels than the existing methods. This specific combination allows us to overcome the apparent fragmentation challenge of the template methods at the smallest vessels. Moreover, we thresholded the line detection response adaptively to compensate for non-uniform images. We also combined the two individual methods in a multi-scale scheme in order to reconnect vessels at variable distances. Finally, we reconstructed the vessels from their extracted centerlines based on pixel painting as complete geometric information is required to be able to utilize the segmentation in a CAD system. The segmentation was validated on a high-resolution fundus image database that in- cludes diabetic retinopathy images of varying stages, using standard discrepancy as well as perceptual-based measures. When only the smallest vessels are considered, the improve- ments in the sensitivity rate for the database against the standard multi-scale line detection method is 6.47%. For the perceptual-based measure, the improvement is 7.8% against the basic method. The second objective of the thesis was to implement a method for the characterization of isolated retinal areas into healthy or abnormal cases. Some of the original images, from which xi these patches are extracted, contain neovascularizations. Investigation of image features for the vessels characterization to healthy or abnormal constitutes an essential step in the direction of developing CAD system for the automatization of DR screening. Given that the amount of data will significantly increase under CAD systems, the focus on this category of vessels can facilitate the referral of sight-threatening cases to early treatment. In addition to the challenges that small healthy vessels pose, neovessels demonstrate an even higher degree of complexity as they form networks of convolved, twisted, looped thin vessels. The existing work is limited to the use of first-order characteristics extracted from the small segmented vessels that limits the study of patterns. Our contribution is in using the tensor voting framework to isolate the retinal vascular junctions and in turn using those junctions as points of interests. Second, we exploited second-order statistics computed on the junction spatial distribution to characterize the vessels as healthy or neovascularizations. In fact, the second-order spatial statistics extracted from the junction distribution are combined with widely used features to improve the characterization sensitivity by 9.09% over the state of art. The developed method proved effective for the segmentation of the retinal vessels. Higher order tensors along with the implementation of tensor voting via steerable filtering could be employed to further reduce the execution time, and resolve the challenges at vascular junctions. Moreover, the characterization could be advanced to the detection of prolifera- tive retinopathy by extending the supervised learning to include non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy cases or other pathologies. Ultimately, the incorporation of the methods into CAD systems could facilitate screening for the effective reduction of the vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy rates, or the early detection of other than ocular pathologies

    Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

    Get PDF
    Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

    Particle swarm optimization method for small retinal vessels detection on multiresolution fundus images

    No full text
    International audienceRetinal vessel segmentation plays an important role in the diagnosis of eye diseases and is considered as one of the most challenging tasks in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems. The main goal of this study was to propose a method for blood-vessel segmentation that could deal with the problem of detecting vessels of varying diameters in high- and low-resolution fundus images. We proposed to use the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to improve the multiscale line detection (MSLD) method. The PSO algorithm was applied to find the best arrangement of scales in the MSLD method and to handle the problem of multiscale response recombination. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated on two low-resolution (DRIVE and STARE) and one high-resolution fundus (HRF) image datasets. The data include healthy (H) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) cases. The proposed approach improved the sensitivity rate against the MSLD by 4.7% for the DRIVE dataset and by 1.8% for the STARE dataset. For the high-resolution dataset, the proposed approach achieved 87.09% sensitivity rate, whereas the MSLD method achieves 82.58% sensitivity rate at the same specificity level. When only the smallest vessels were considered, the proposed approach improved the sensitivity rate by 11.02% and by 4.42% for the healthy and the diabetic cases, respectively. Integrating the proposed method in a comprehensive CAD system for DR screening would allow the reduction of false positives due to missed small vessels, misclassified as red lesions
    corecore